What Is a Local Authority?

Understanding Local Councils, Public Services, Legal Duties, Accountability & Your Rights

Local Authorities (often called Councils) are public bodies responsible for delivering many of the services people rely on every day. They play an important role in supporting communities, protecting vulnerable people, maintaining local infrastructure, promoting public health, and carrying out legal duties set by Parliament.

Local Authorities are funded through a combination of:

• Council Tax
• Government funding
• Business rates
• Service charges and fees
• Grants and other funding streams

They are responsible for making decisions that affect individuals, families, businesses, communities, and local services.

Importantly, councils are not above the law. They must operate within legal frameworks, follow proper procedures, act fairly, and remain accountable for the decisions they make.

What Is A Local Authority?

A Local Authority is a public organisation responsible for providing local government services within a specific area.

Depending on where you live, your Local Authority may be known as a:

• County Council
• District Council
• Borough Council
• City Council
• Metropolitan Borough Council
• Unitary Authority
• London Borough Council
• Combined Authority

The structure varies across England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

What Do Local Authorities Do?

Local Authorities provide a wide range of services that affect everyday life.

Responsibilities may include:

Adult Social Care

Supporting:

• Older people
• Disabled adults
• Vulnerable adults
• Carers

Services may include:

• Care assessments
• Home support
• Residential care
• Safeguarding

Children's Services

Supporting:

• Children
• Young people
• Families

Services may include:

• Child protection
• Early help
• Family support
• Looked-after children services
• Education welfare

Housing Services

Including:

• Council housing
• Homelessness support
• Housing advice
• Temporary accommodation
• Housing standards

Education

Including:

• School admissions
• Special Educational Needs (SEND)
• Education welfare
• School transport
• Children missing education

Environmental Services

Including:

• Waste collection
• Recycling
• Street cleaning
• Environmental health
• Pollution control

Planning & Development

Including:

• Planning applications
• Building control
• Local development plans
• Conservation matters

Highways & Transport

Including:

• Road maintenance
• Street lighting
• Public rights of way
• Local transport planning

Public Health

Including:

• Health improvement
• Substance misuse services
• Community wellbeing programmes
• Health protection duties

Licensing

Including:

• Taxi licensing
• Alcohol licensing
• Entertainment licences
• Business licensing

Council Tax & Revenues

Including:

• Council Tax administration
• Discounts and exemptions
• Recovery processes
• Local taxation

Local Authority Legal Duties

Councils must carry out many duties required by law.

These duties are set out in legislation passed by Parliament.

Examples include:

Children Act 1989

Protecting and promoting the welfare of children.

Care Act 2014

Supporting adults with care and support needs.

Housing Act 1996

Housing duties and homelessness responsibilities.

Homelessness Reduction Act 2017

Preventing and relieving homelessness.

Education Act 1996

Education responsibilities.

Equality Act 2010

Protecting individuals from discrimination.

Human Rights Act 1998

Ensuring public bodies respect fundamental rights.

Local Government Act 1972

Framework for local government powers and responsibilities.

Public Law Principles

All Local Authorities must operate according to public law principles.

This means decisions should be:

Lawful

Made within legal powers.

Fair

Procedurally fair and unbiased.

Reasonable

Based on evidence and rational decision-making.

Proportionate

Appropriate to the circumstances.

Transparent

Capable of explanation and scrutiny.

Accountable

Open to challenge and review.

Your Rights When Dealing With A Local Authority

Members of the public have important rights.

Right To Be Treated Fairly

Councils should consider individual circumstances fairly.

Right To Be Heard

Relevant information and evidence should be considered.

Right To Reasons

You should usually be given reasons for important decisions.

Right To Challenge Decisions

Many decisions can be reviewed, appealed, or complained about.

Right To Equality

Individuals should not face unlawful discrimination.

Right To Access Information

Subject to legal restrictions, information may be available through:

• Freedom of Information requests
• Subject Access Requests
• Public records

Advanced Claimant Protection

When dealing with Local Authorities, individuals should remember:

Keep Evidence

Maintain copies of:

• Emails
• Letters
• Application forms
• Decisions
• Assessments

Keep Records

Create a timeline of events.

Request Written Decisions

Written decisions provide clarity and evidence.

Challenge Errors Promptly

Raise concerns as soon as possible.

Understand Your Rights

Many decisions have review and appeal routes.

Accountability & Oversight

Local Authorities are accountable to a number of bodies.

Internal Complaints Procedures

Usually the first stage.

Elected Councillors

Councillors represent local residents and can raise concerns.

Monitoring Officers

Responsible for legal and governance compliance.

Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)

For data protection and information rights concerns.

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman

Investigates complaints about councils and certain public services.

Courts

Some decisions can be challenged through legal proceedings.

Parliament

Local government is ultimately accountable through the democratic system.

Common Reasons People Contact Councils

Examples include:

• Housing issues
• Homelessness
• SEND support
• Social care concerns
• Child protection matters
• Council Tax disputes
• Planning decisions
• Noise complaints
• Safeguarding concerns
• Licensing issues

Useful Resources

Local Government Information

GOV.UK Local Government Information

Find Your Local Council

Find Your Local Council

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman

Information Commissioner's Office

Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)

Equality Advisory & Support Service

Equality Advisory & Support Service

Local Authority Rights Checklist

✓ Ask for decisions in writing

✓ Keep copies of all correspondence

✓ Keep evidence and supporting documents

✓ Request explanations where decisions are unclear

✓ Use complaint procedures where necessary

✓ Challenge factual inaccuracies promptly

✓ Consider Subject Access Requests where appropriate

✓ Understand review and appeal rights

✓ Contact your councillor where appropriate

✓ Escalate unresolved concerns through the Ombudsman where eligible

Key Message

Local Authorities provide essential public services and make decisions that can significantly affect people's lives. While councils have important powers and responsibilities, they must operate within the law, follow fair procedures, consider evidence properly, and remain accountable for their decisions.

Understanding your rights, keeping good records, gathering evidence, and knowing how to challenge decisions can help ensure that public services are delivered fairly, transparently, and in accordance with the law.